• Interruption of glucagon signaling pathway targeting glucago

  2022-04-18

  

  Interruption of glucagon signaling pathway targeting glucagon receptor (GCGR) by gene knockout, antisense oligonucleotides or specific antagonists induces α-cell hyperplasia and alleviates hyperglycemia and other metabolic symptoms in diabetic animals and patients [[7], [8], [9]]. Here we used a ful

• br Conclusion br Acknowledgment This study was supported by

  2022-04-18

  

  Conclusion Acknowledgment This study was supported by grants from the Excellence Initiative of the German federal and state governments, the Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundation and the German Society for Cardiology (DGK) to F.K. and grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB TRR 219 M-0

• br Author contributions br Conflict of

  2022-04-18

  

  Author contributions Conflict of interests Acknowledgements This work was supported by NIH grant DK098730 to NHM. Free fatty acids play important roles in biological processes contributing to both health and disease. As essential nutritional components, free fatty acids are utilized as b

• Azidobutyric acid NHS ester br Introduction The brain contai

  2022-04-18

  

  Introduction The brain contains abundant fatty acids, which serve as constituents of membranes and as an energy source. In addition, fatty acids and their metabolites contribute to signal transduction between neurons or neurons and glial cells, suggesting that fatty acids play a crucial role in d

• At the heart of ferroptosis

  2022-04-18

  

  At the heart of ferroptosis is a process of lethal lipid peroxidation, which is the oxidative addition of molecular oxygen (O2) to lipids, such as polyunsaturated fatty acyl tails in phospholipids. The first descriptions of such enzymatic reactions were in 1955 by Peterson and colleagues [50] and Ro

• br Conflicts of interest br Acknowledgments

  2022-04-16

  

  Conflicts of interest Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Project of Huzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau of Zhejiang Province (No. 2016GY45 to YGC) and he Project of Zhejiang Basic Public Benefit research of Zhejiang Province (No. LGF18H160005 to YGC) Introduction Wit

• Despite the importance of intratumor phenotypic heterogeneit

  2022-04-16

  

  Despite the importance of intratumor phenotypic heterogeneity for tumor progression and therapy resistance (Marusyk et al., 2012, Marusyk and Polyak, 2010), our understanding of regulators of this process and our ability to modulate them are very limited. Recent advances in genomic sequencing and si

• Two typical properties of Gi o protein coupled receptors nam

  2022-04-16

  

  Two typical properties of Gi/o protein-coupled receptors, namely an increase in 35S-GTPγS binding (Strange, 2010) and an inhibition of exocytotic noradrenaline release (Schlicker and Göthert, 1998), were not shared by H4 receptor activation on cortical membranes (guinea-pig and mouse) and cortical s

• Betahistine N methyl pyridyl ethylamine is a well known dual

  2022-04-16

  

  Betahistine (N-methyl-2-(2-pyridyl)ethylamine) is a well-known dual H1 Imiloxan hydrochloride agonist/H3 receptor antagonist with structural resemblance to histamine. Though it has been approved long before the discovery of H3R to treat disorders of vestibular function as Menières-Disease, the evid

• br Heme and the HO system Heme a complex of

  2022-04-16

  

  Heme and the HO system Heme, a complex of iron and protoporphyrin IX, has versatile functions, which are critical for the survival of all aerobic organisms including mammalians and bacteria [9]. The central iron in heme facilitates six ligand binding sites [10], four of which are occupied by nitr

• Mammals have three known Gli proteins Gli and

  2022-04-16

  

  Mammals have three known Gli proteins: Gli-1, -2 and -3. Gli-1 does not undergo proteosomal degradation and hence, remains untruncated and always acts as a transcription promoter. Gli-1 is an important target gene for Gli-2. Full-length Gli-2 accumulates when Smo is activated because activated Smo p

• GPR and TRPV co localized in

  2022-04-16

  

  GPR35 and TRPV1 co-localized in small- and medium-diameter DRG neurons. Nociceptive (Aδ- and C-fiber) neurons expressing TRPV1 mediate hyperalgesia, neurogenic inflammation, and neuropathic pain [12]. The cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) dependent modifications of TRPV1 currents have been demonstrated in

• fty720 br AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS br ACKNOWLEDGMENTS br Introdu

  2022-04-16

  

  AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Introduction Chronic neuropathic pain is a common symptom in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. Glycoprotein 120 (gp120) is an HIV-1 protein that can cause pain behaviors in animal models (Hao, 2013, Nasirinezhad et al., 2015,

• UNC2025 In the spinal cord EAAT constitutes of

  2022-04-15

  

  In the spinal cord, EAAT1 constitutes 40% of all high-affinity EAATs, and it is abundantly present in lumbar dorsal horn (Queen et al., 2007). In physiological conditions, EAATs remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft by co-transporting glutamate and sodium into adjacent glial cells. The inefficien

• In teleosts GR is expressed in almost every cell

  2022-04-15

  

  In teleosts, GR is expressed in almost every cell and regulates genes controlling development, metabolism, and immune response [17,18]. Several teleosts contain two GR genes, GR1 and GR2 [8]. Other groups have found only one GR in some species thus far, such as the Japanese flounder, brown trout, an

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